Episode 2

WHITE SPACE COOLING

LIQUID BASED

Liquid 2 liquid cooling systems have been used for many years to remove heat from data centers, generally mainframes and high-performance computers. Rapid developments in technology, from cloud and edge computing to artificial intelligence and the internet of things have led to a renewed interest in liquid cooling. Compared to air-based cooling solutions, liquids have a thermal capacity up to 1200 times higher by unit volume. This allows more efficient heat removal and enables the chips to work harder.

There are many practical reasons for adopting liquid cooling, including increasing chip and rack densities, pressure to reduce energy consumption, space constraints in existing data centers, harsh IT environments and challenging ambient conditions.

The cooling performance of liquids, combined with a smaller footprint, make liquid 2 liquid systems ideally suited to edge data centers. By designing these facilities with liquid cooling, it will enable more computing power to be housed in a smaller space. Also the chips in high-power GPUs and CPUs are reaching thermal design power in excess of 400W. Having a large number of these types of servers makes traditional air cooling equipment less practical and cost-effective.
There are two main types of liquid 2 liquid cooling – direct to chip and immersion.

WHAT IS

WHITE SPACE

COOLING?

DIRECT TO CHIP

For this method, a metal plate is attached above the CPU or GPU. The heat is transferred from the chip to the plate via a special heat-circulating material, such as a thermal paste.

Liquid cools the plate, enabling it to continue absorbing heat. Direct to chip cooling can be achieved as a single or two-phase system.

SINGLE PHASE | SINGLE OR DOUBLE LOOP SYSTEMS

DCC_LiquidToLiquid_ChipCooling_SingleLoo

SINGLE LOOP

Here the heated liquid (water or dielectric fluid) from the plate flows through a heat exchanger into the water loop. It may then pass through a dry cooler or cooling tower, before being fed back to the plate. However, as this system only cools the CPUs, which emit around 60-70% of the total heat, air cooling is required for the remaining 30-40%.

DCC_LiquidToLiquid_ChipCooling_DoubleLoo

DOUBLE LOOP

TWO PHASE

As the name suggests, the liquid changes from one phase to another – liquid to gas – to remove the heat. While this system offers a superior heat rejection performance than single phase, it requires additional controls for effective operation. Two phase direct to chip liquid cooling uses engineered dielectric fluid to prevent water coming into contact with the IT equipment. The dielectric hot vapor is either delivered to a condenser or the building water loop.

DCC_LiquidToLiquid_ChipCooling2Phase_Sin

DirectChip

FOCAL-POINT: EFFICIENT HEAT EXCHANGER TECHNOLOGIES FOR LIQUID BASED COOLING SOLUTIONS

There are many practical reasons for adopting liquid cooling, including increasing chip and rack densities, pressure to reduce energy consumption, space constraints in existing data centers.

In this paper we’ll give you an insight about the considerations when selecting heat exchanger technologies for liquid based cooling. Plate heat exchanger technology is a proven solution when dealing with dielectric fluids and looking at overall system to ensure best design practices

EDGE COOLING

The increasing demand for big data, internet of things, cloud & streaming services as well as crypto mining operations brings computing and data storage closer to the locations where its needed. Edge Data Centers are smaller facilities and positioned closer to the end users to provide data faster and minimize latency.
There is also a trend towards high density mobile layouts. Special containerized cooling solutions provide a small footprint with a low overhead and/or construction cost. These cooling containers allow for integreation of higher density application, especially when using customized V-Bank or Dielectric Air Coolers. All heat exchanger components including the pump can be balanced perfectly to match the edge computing needs with immersion. These solutions also include the TIER 2 considerations.

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EDGE

IMMERSION COOLING

This involves immersing the IT components, including servers, in a dielectric liquid or coolant which absorbs the heat. It is then transferred to a single or two-phase fluid via an IT chassis or open tank/bath. There are two main categories of cooling liquids: hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons. Dielectric liquids are divided into single and two-phase applications.

DCC_LiquidToLiquid_Immersive1Phase_Singl

SINGLE LOOP

INTERNAL CHASSIS - SINGLE PHASE DOUBLE LOOP

All the server components are immersed in dielectric coolant within a sealed chassis. The coolant captures the heat from the equipment and it is transferred via a plate or coil heat exchanger to a dry cooler or cooling tower before being released into the ambient air or reused for heating.

DCC_LiquidToLiquid_Immersive1Phase_Doubl

Immersion Cooling systems with dielectric fluids require reliable, glandless dielectric pumps. In a single phase application the fluid remains in liquid state and is circulated by pumps or natural convection flow. The dielectric fluid is pumped through a heat exchanger where it’s cooled with any coolant. The pump is crucial to keep the coolant circulating through the system and ensure uninterrupted operating conditions.

OPEN TANK/BATH - TWO PHASE

This method of submerging servers in dielectric coolant is so called because it uses tanks resembling bath tubs. The servers are placed side by side within the tanks which operate at atmospheric pressure so that the cooling fluid is pumped through the equipment immersed in them.
Open bath immersion can be carried out as a single phase or two phase system.
With single phase, the coolant remains in liquid form and the heat absorbed from the servers is extracting by a heat exchanger and fed into a cooler water circuit. In two phase cooling, part of the fluid boils off into a gas which rises above the remaining liquid and cooled back to a liquid state via a condensing unit. The liquid then rejoins the fluid in the bath.

Immersive

OUR SOLUTION FOR LIQUID BASED COOLING ...

Brazed Plate

Heat Exchanger

Gasketed Plate

Heat Exchanger

Custom

Air Coil

Dielectric

Pump

Dielectric Modular

Air Cooler

Kelvion offers a range of heat exchangers and coolers that are purpose-built to suit the exacting demands of data centers. They transfer heat efficiently, reliably and safely to maintain the 24/7 integrity of the IT equipment.

Our products are engineered and manufactured in-house and are capable of handling a wide range of temperatures and pressures. Their heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops are fully tested by our certified R&D labs to ensure optimum performance and the highest quality. When combining multiple Kelvion products, customers can maximize efficiency gains through a solutions-based approach.

Kelvion understands the challenges and advantages posed by immersive cooling technology, including viscosity of the fluids, redundancy and material compatibility for the cooling system. We ensure that the materials we use are suited to the properties of the heat transfer fluid.

For example using stainless steel tubes instead of copper, which become corroded by de-ionized water. Alternatively, dielectric oils are often far more viscous than water, requiring either a larger number of smaller coils, internal turbulators or greater pumping power to overcome pressure drop.

By selecting the right cooling solutions we can help customers to reduce redundancy costs, and boost both power usage and water usage effectiveness. We can provide plate heat exchanger technology to suit the application. Brazed heat exchangers are ideal for smaller loads and allow each tank to have its own unit, so that there is no single point of failure. For larger loads, we recommend gasketed plate heat exchangers which have the flexibility to adapt to different loads. They combine high efficiency with low operating costs, are easy to maintain and are a reliable and efficient solution to isolate the server loop from the water loop.